Defence & Strategy

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India’s Defence Reforms in 2025: A Review

A critical analysis of India’s 2025 defence reforms, examining military modernisation, rising defence spending, indigenous production challenges, and structural limitations in achieving operational effectiveness in South Asia.

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Is an Islamic NATO emerging? Pakistan, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia explore a trilateral defense pact reshaping Middle East and South Asian security.

Toward an Islamic NATO?

In a rapidly fragmenting global order, Pakistan, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia are exploring a trilateral defense arrangement that could redefine regional security architectures. Often dubbed an Islamic NATO, the proposed pact reflects a broader shift by middle powers toward strategic autonomy as US security guarantees wane. This convergence signals the merging of Middle Eastern and South Asian strategic theaters into a single geopolitical map.

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