India’s Agni-5 ICBM Test: Global Ambitions and Regional Instability

 India’s Agni-5 ICBM Test: Global Ambitions and Regional Instability

India’s successful Agni-5 ICBM test marks a decisive move beyond regional deterrence toward global strategic ambitions. With MIRV capabilities and extended range, the launch signals a shift in India’s nuclear posture, intensifying South Asia’s security dilemma and risking a destabilizing arms race.

Afghan Refugees in Pakistan

Afghan refugees in Pakistan

This backgrounder examines the long and complex history of Afghan refugees in Pakistan, spanning more than forty years of conflict-driven displacement. It explores the major waves of refugee influx since the Soviet invasion, shifting legal and policy frameworks, and the fluctuating role of international aid. The backgrounder also highlights the profound social, economic, and political impacts on Pakistan, as well as the recent push for mass deportations that raise serious humanitarian and legal concerns.

The New Road to Central Asia

The New Road to Central Asia

After the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, Pakistan offers a vital overland corridor to Central Asia, unlocking trade, stability, and strategic influence.